Semaglutide is a long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonist (GLP-1S) engineered with fatty acid acylation and albumin-binding modifications that extend its half-life to approximately one week. It mimics the action of endogenous GLP-1 to stimulate glucose-dependent insulin secretion, suppress glucagon, slow gastric emptying, and reduce appetite through both peripheral and central mechanisms. Semaglutide has been one of the most studied incretin-based compounds in recent years, with research extending beyond glycemic control to include cardiovascular outcomes, kidney protection, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.